Solar thermal energy is a competitive source of energy. It does even have the potential to store and generate energy overnight.

Solar thermal energy can generate power at a cost of 8 cents per watt, and the cost would further shrink if production was to be established on grand-scales. It is amazing how the sun can provide energy to the whole world:

- Harnessing one percent of the sunshine in the Sahara Desert would be enough to power the whole world.
- Harnessing one percent of America’s Southwest deserts would be enough to power all the states of America.

Efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells is improving while the cost of developing solar panels is falling. Experts in the solar industry expect solar power to reach grid parity. Currently new coal plants produce electricity at a cost of $2.1 per watt (excluding fuel cost and pollution). It is possible that solar energy can be produced at $2 per watt as modern solar cells are being developed. Besides, there are companies such as Nanosolar, which are already assembling solar panels at a very competitive price.

Solar Energy could represent 69 percent of the total energy supply in America by 2050. This is what Scientific America explained in an article published; A Solar Grand Plan. Moreover, the cost of using fossil fuel to produce electricity is more than we expect (Hidden Cost of Oil {PDF}). There is an abundance of hidden cost, so solar energy is a critical solution to solve energy problems in America.

“I’d put my money on the sun & solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”
Thomas Edison, 1931

Solar thermal plants have a competitive edge, as they can store energy, and generate electricity even during the night. Spain was the first country in the world to introduce a solar thermal plant using ‘molten salt to store heat and generate energy during off-sunshine hours’.


Time for Action

If we enumerate some of the argument against solar or wind energy, amazingly very few make sense today. The most compelling argument that has been levied against renewable energy is that it is too irregular, and intermittent. This is no longer the case. Countries like Germany and Denmark have regions where wind power represents 40 percent of the total energy supply. These two nations are definitely less concern about intermittency than America.

The fact is that most of the compelling argument against wind and solar energy are communicated by the fossil fuel companies.

Renewable Energy

In reality, renewable is the only viable energy solution for the future. Fossil fuels are limited while the sun has a repository of limitless energy. The most intense hurdle to make renewable energy America’s prime source of power is neither technology nor money but rather lack of public awareness. Clearly solar power is a convenient alternative with immense potentials.

Solar energy can cut import on oil, thus reducing the negative cost on the balance of payment by roughly $300 billion per annum (assuming that crude oil cost $60). The fear of global warming and increasing greenhouse emission can equally be tackled as fossil fuel plants will play a lesser role. Renewable energy can therefore, improve availability of power as well as the health of the economy.

Set America Free, (PDF document) claims that the hidden cost of oil amount to $825 billion per annum. In other words it is twice as much as what America’s Department and Defence Budget was in 2006.

Source: Home Energy Saving Review

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The social networking website is actually experiencing unparalleled pressure from its users to change to renewable energy. This environmental campaign is one among the fastest-growing one on the web. In accordance to Greenpeace international, at least 500,000 persons have already protested against the organisation’s idea to operate its massive new data centre chiefly on electricity that is produced through burning coal power.

While Facebook will not admit the quantity of electricity that it makes use for streaming video, storing information as well as connecting its 500 million users, the industry’s estimations imply that at their actual growth rate, the totality of the data centres and telecommunication networks on in the four parts of the world will consume around 1,963 billion kilowatt hours of electricity by the year 2020. This consumption is greater than triple their actual consumption. It represents more electricity that is used by Germany, Brazil, Canada and France combined.

In February, Facebook had announced that it was planning to construct what is anticipated to be the world’s leading centralised data storage centres found in Poland, Oregon. Even though it will comprise of the computers that will be most energy-efficient in the world, the mere scale of the Facebook operation will almost surely use more electricity than the majority of developing countries.

The company has stated that Pacific Power will be supplying the electricity. The latter makes use of coal power; the most unclean way of generating power. It makes use of renewable sources to produce less than 12 percent of its electricity. Pacific Power will be providing 67 % of the company’s use in terms electricity. While the company has declared that it intends to produce more electricity from renewable sources in the times to come, it has not given any detailed information in this regards.

In a declaration Facebook stated that it is exact that the local utility that has been chosen, Pacific Power, has an energy blend that is weighted a bit more in relation to coal compared to the national average. Nevertheless, they are of view that the efficiency that they are able to attain due to the climate of the region and the reduced energy usage that result diminishes their carbon footprint in general.

Another way of looking at it will reveal that if the company located the data centre in other places, it would require mechanical chillers, use greater amount of energy and be accountable for more overall carbon in the atmosphere – even if that region was powered by more energy from renewable sources.

The director of Greenpeace International, Kumi Naidoo, recommended the CEO of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, to pledge his company to a plan to phase out the use of unclean coal-fired electricity. In a letter addressed to Facebook, Naidoo stated that Facebook is distinctively positioned to be a really influential and visible leader to lead the deployment of clean energy.

Previously this year, Greenpeace acknowledged that a number of its own web hosting operations are housed in data centres that are powered principally by nuclear and coal power too. The environmental group said that it compensate for all the energy used to power its chief website in Amsterdam and made use of renewable energy where possible. In Washington, its servers also used wind power to a great extent.

Source: Guardian.co.Uk

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The Duracell myGrid drop-and-go charging device is a wireless charger able to handle up to four mobile devices at a go. In order to make the mobile devices compatible to the charger a Power Clip or Power Sleeve accessory have to be added to the device.

According to Duracell, the charging system operates at the same speed as typical USB 2.0 connectivity chargers. The competitive advantage with myGrid is that it does automatically stop charging once the mobile device is fully charged. This will thus help to avoid over-charging and can help to save up to 15 percent on energy costs.

There are Power Sleeves ready for the iPod Touch, iPhone, as well as BlackBerry Pearl and Curve phones. All other devices such as Nokia handsets can be charged via the mini-USB port.

The myGrid Duracell charger does also have pre-installed safety features. The device is switch-off when something touches it. For instance, if a metal item like a coin or key touches the pad it will switch-off, equally if it detects moisture or a finger.

The myGrid charger doesn’t try to initiate a charging process on devices, which do not have a Power clip or Power Sleeve attached to it.

The myGrid cost around £69.99 while the Duracell Power Sleeves cost around £19.99.

This device is very new, but it has a rival known as Powermat, which is comparatively cheaper and priced at £55.55.

The key aspect of this device is that it helps to save energy as it avoids over-charging. It contributes to energy conservation.

Source: Duracell

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There are several onshore wind farms in construction. In the recent years wind energy has been representing one of the most successful renewable sources of energy.

Since 1996 to 2008 the wind energy capacity has expanded enormously. In 2009, the global wind farm capacity reached 158,505 MW, which represented an increase of 31.7 percent since 2008.

In 2008, wind power represented roughly 1.3 percent of the world’s energy supply. Currently wind energy represents 20 percent of Denmark’s electricity needs, 14.5 percent of both Portugal and Spain, as well as 9 percent of the Republic of Ireland’s energy requirements.

Moreover, wind power in America increased with 39 percent in 2009, matching a total of 35,000 MW. In China an even larger growth was seen in 2009 as wind power capacities grew from 12,200 to 25,800 megawatts.

Offshore Wind Farms

In September 2009, Denmark’s Horns Rev 2 wind farm became the world’s biggest offshore wind farm. Currently, the United Kingdom is the leader in offshore wind power and subsequently Denmark. The offshore wind power sector is presently at a rapid expansion, and one of the large projects in progress is the Greater Gabbard wind farm of 500 MW that is being constructed in U.K.

There are also other offshore wind farms that have been suggested in the United Kingdom such as London Array’s 1,000 MW and Atlantic Array’s 1,500 MW wind farms.

New technology emerging in wind energy is the deep-water, floating-turbine which is slowly being used. Hywind is the first utility-scale installation using this technology. It consists of a turbine generating 2.3 MW and is located 220 meters of deep water in the North Sea. This wind farm has been functional since September 2009.

There are great potential for offshore wind energy. Consultancy Frost & Sullivan says that offshore wind power can expand to a colossal 18,769 MW within in five years (2015). Besides, figures from SBI Energy are even more promising. In April 2010 a report suggested that offshore wind energy represents an economic opportunity for producers of wind turbine. The paper suggested that wind energy potential could grow to 79,700 MW. As offshore wind farms are expanding at a global perspective the growth is likely to be significant. In Asia alone offshore energy capacity can expand from currently 100 MW (2010) to above 10,000 MW within five years (2015).

Source: SBI Energy, Offshore Wind Farm Manufacturing Worldwide. (have to be ordered)

There is a cost—and-complexity advantage in onshore over offshore wind power. However, offshore wind power has a strong advantage as well. The winds are steadier and more energy can be generated per wind turbine installed. The most compelling advantage is that the sea occupies a much larger surface than land, and is highly under exploited. There is thus a great potential to develop even bigger wind turbines at a larger scale.

Source: Wikipedia 1 and Wikipedia 2

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In the coming months, the Philippine’s government will be confirming 10 geothermal sites, while additional nine projects shall be discussed later with different companies. This is what Alejandro Oanes, who is the division chief for geothermal energy at Philippine Energy Department said to Reuters.

It was also mentioned that Geysir Green Energy, an Icelandic geothermal energy developer as well as Energy Development Corp, Philippine’s largest geothermal energy producers were amidst the bidders on the 19 contracts.

The expansion of geothermal energy capacity at these 19 sites is estimated to bring a total of 620 megawatts. This includes energy generation at two volcanoes Mt Labo in Camarines Norte with a potential yield capacity of up to 65 MW and Mt Isarog in Camarines Sur province with a possible capacity of up to 70 MWs.

There have been geothermal resources (sites) spotted at regions such as Cagayan, Oriental Mindoro, Benguet, Palawan, Laguna and Surigao Del Norte.

The Philippines is positioned in what many refer to as the Pacific Ring of Fire – The region has several active volcanoes and earthquakes. It is also surrounded by both the Pacific Ocean and some part of the Indian Ocean. Besides, most of these areas have a great potential for geothermal energy.

Currently, 17 percent of Philippine’s energy is generated from geothermal energy. It represents a total of 2 GW of energy according to the figures published by the government in 2009. However, the government has set a goal to increase this figure by 2020 from 2 GW to 4.5 GW from geothermal energy. This will be one of its measures to double the renewable energy usage.

The government is also providing tariff exemptions and tax holidays for renewable power projects. This is part of its strategy to attract investors. In the last month, a total of 87 contracts has been signed to 18 companies. These agreements include renewable projects associated to hydropower, wind, tidal and solar power.

Source: business Green

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Aguçadora Wave Park is the world’s first industrialised wave farm, and it is situated in Portugal close to Póvoa de Varzim. The farm has been operating since the 23 of September 2008. The plant does currently have 3 Pelamis P-750 machines which can produce a capacity of 2.25 MW. However, the wave farm is expected to be expanded in its second phase from 2.25 MW to 21 MW of wave power. This will be derived from using additional 25 Pelamis machines.

Wave Power in the United Kingdom

The 20th February 2007, the Scottish Executive announced its will to provide funding to marine power in Scotland. They are going to produce a wind farm which is expected to become one of the world’s largest wave farms, with a total capacity of 3 MW. This energy will be generated from 4 Pelamis machines.

There is another wave farm named as Wave Hub, which has been set to be established in the north coast of Cornwall, England. The project was accepted for funding in June 2007. There are already four operators interested in setting up wave power devices up to a capacity of 20 MW.

Wave Power In U.S

There are currently no large wave farms in the coasts of America. However, the President of Trade Association Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition says that there is a total wave power potential of “252 million megawatt hour a year” off the coast of the United States. There hasn’t been a steady step taken to develop wave farms but there are indeed lots of research and investment being provided by the federal for the field.

The largest national utility company, Pacific Gas & Electric Company did the 18th of December 2007 pronounce its will to buy power produced from waves. This was singed under some of California’s renewable energy restrictions. In the state of California, utility companies are required to produce 20 percent of their total electricity supply from renewable energy sources as per this year (2010). The law is likely to be enforced during the years to come to maybe 40 percent by 2020 and henceforth.

A total of $200 million in federal funds was provided under the Marine Renewable Energy Research & Development Act of 2007. The fund is meant to scrutinize the potential of wave energy technology for the period 2008 to 2012.

America’s Department of Energy (DOE) is also responsible for providing a $50 million of fiscal funds for research, development, creation and commercial application of so called ocean energy. For the year 2008, there were 14 institutes that received fiscal allocation. The appealing institutions were:

1. Oregon State University
2. University of Hawaii.

Some ocean energy projects initiate in America can be found at the coastline of California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island and New York. Grays Harbor Ocean Energy Company of Seattle is the company which has applied for the development of these wave- at the Federal Energy Regulatory commission.

You might want to read: World’s Largest Wave Power Station Being Built In Sweden

Source: Wikipedia.org

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Apparently, energy demands are correlated to the level of economic activities. During the last year, the level of economic activities declined and so did energy consumption. Concurrently, progress in technology is offering more efficient vehicles and appliances reducing the energy demand for the future even more. This is what A.J. Simon, an LLNL energy system analyst responsible for the energy flow chart at the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration said. The outcome of technologic progress and economic hurdles was a general decrease in demand for energy.

From 2008 to 2009 the U.S energy demand decreased from 99.2 quadrillion BTUs to 94.6 quadrillion BTUs (quad). Moreover, BTU stands for British thermal unit, and it is a common measure of energy equivalent to 1.055 kilojoules.

The energy demand decreased across all layers of society from commercial, industrial, residential to transport.

However, one source that contributed an increasing part of American’s energy demand was wind power. Energy provided by wind energy rose from .51 quads, in 2008 to .70 quads in 2009. Most of the wind energy is directly used to produce electricity and did thus significantly help to decrease the production of electricity from coal.

According to Simon, the rise of renewable energies is vital for the economy. During 2010, there is a dozen of wind projects spurring in the pipeline. So the wind arena is likely to show positive figures for this year as well.

Simon says that electricity production previously represented by coal has been falling due to three main reasons being increased use of wind energy, lower electricity demand as well as a shift from coal to natural gas.

In 2009, the amount of energy produced by nuclear plants remained relatively stagnant to 2008. There were no major changes, or new plants established in the nation in 2009.

Moreover, out of the 94.6 quadrillion BTUs utilised merely 39.97 was due to energy services. The energy services include lighting and machinery. Simon claims that it is difficult to estimate the real fuel consumption utilized to produce this amount of energy.

One of a country’s energy efficient measures is the ratio of the total amount of energy to energy services.

Simon predicts that reports specifying facts about carbon emissions will be in the same trend. A decrease in the use of coal, petroleum and natural gas should be associated with a lower diffusion of greenhouse gases. In other words, as people are doing less work, less fuel are burnt and the equally less pollution is released.

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has been helping the Energy Information Administration’s U.S energy body to have accurate and visual data for three decades. It has been operating since it was established in the 1970s.

Source: E-Sciencenews, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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In the Ford’s Michigan Assembly Plant, Detroit Edison will be installing a 500 KW solar photovoltaic panel systems. The energy system will have a 750-Kilowatt of energy storage capacity, which will be able to retain 2 million watt hours of energy in batteries. This is equivalent to what 100 average households in Michigan consume per annum.

The Michigan Assembly solar energy system is expected to benefit Ford with cost saving on energy amounting up to $160,000 a year. The clean energy harnessed through the solar energy system is expected to support Ford’s Focus electric cars and coming plug-in hybrid vehicles.

The alternative energy that is going to be captured through the solar energy system is going to support the introduction of fuel-efficient small cars, like the new Focus and Focus Electric which are going to be on the market by 2011. Plug-in hybrid vehicles and the next-generation hybrid vehicles are going into production in 2012.

A second phase is also envisaged, where a smaller solar energy system will be incorporated to cater for the lighting system at Ford’s Michigan Assembly plant.

In Michigan, These solar array systems will be the largest of its kind and is expected to cut energy expenses at Michigan Assembly by $160,000 per annum. The installation is predicted to commence in the coming month of 2010.

According to Ford’s vice President in the North America Manufacturing, Jim Tetreault, merging alternative sources of energy into an industrial facility will help comprehend how energy storage and smart-grid technologies function. He also mentioned that the current project is a step to transform “Michigan Assembly from a large SUV factory to a modern, flexible, and sustainable small car plant.”

Solar Energy Heading Towards A Source For Sustainable development in Michigan

This project involves the installation of a 500-kw solar photovoltaic panel system at Ford’s Assembly plant in Michigan. It will also have a 750-kilowatt energy storage resource that can withhold enough energy to power up to 100 average homes for a whole year. The Power Management system and Dynamic Power Resource on site energy storage is being provided by Xtreme Power of Austin, Texas.

Detroit Edison is planning to install more photovoltaic systems as it is the pilot phase of its SolarCurrents program. The scheme aims at establishing photovoltaic systems of 15 megawatts of energy on rooftops or on properties across Southeast Michigan.

The funds for the project have been made available through a $2 million grant obtained from Michigan Public Service Commission for the support of smart-grid initiative and $3 million direct investment by Detroit Edison’s SolarCurrent program and roughly $800,000 provided by Ford.

Setting An Example for Sustainable Energy

The newly renovated Michigan Assembly plant will use both conventional and renewable electricity. The solar energy will be directly injected into a micro-grid providing energy to the plant. However, during days when the plant is inactive like on holidays, the solar energy collected will be stored in the energy storage system. This spare capacity can then be used when there is not enough sunlight or when the electricity demand is high.

The energy storage system will also re-charge directly from the grid at off-peak hours, as the electricity is available at a cheaper cost. The result is that inexpensive electricity can be used during peak hours, so that a margin of profit can be gained directly from consuming stored off-peak hour energy.

Carlos Coe, CEO, Xtreme Power says that they do mutually pursue the same goal as Ford, which is to promote an environmentally sustainable model of energy generation in the United States of America. They are also delighted to contribute in making the production of vehicles more environmentally friendly through the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar.

Electric Vehicle Batteries Can Be Charged Through Solar Power

There will be 10 electric vehicle-charging stations set up at the Michigan Assembly plant to better progress in the field of battery technology as well how to use clean energy. For the moment, electric switcher trucks will be charged on these stations.

The power management system for these charging stations will be provided by Xtreme Power.

Ford is known to be an innovative sustainable business as Ford’s Dagenham Diesel Centre in the UK was actually the world’s first automobile plant, running on renewable electricity, generated by an onsite wind-turbine. Furthermore, Ford’s Bridgend Engine Plant located in Wales was Europe’s first car manufacturing plant to connect its solar photovoltaic installation to the electricity grid.

Ford has during the last two years expanded enormously in the use of renewable electricity. For instance, an assembly plant in Cologne, Germany is powered fully by alternative sources of energy. The corporation is already contributing to the environment by having decreased greenhouse gas emissions by estimated 190,000 tons per annum. On a world-wide perspective, 3 percent of Ford’s total energy need is generated through renewable.

Source: Wind Energy

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Enel Green Power had beginning the operation of its largest wind farm in France today. It has started with 24 MW of installed capacity that is produced from twelve turbines of 2 MW each. The location of the Haut-de-Conge wind farm is in the municipalities of Vitry-les-Nogent, Poinson-les-Nogent, Dampierre in the department of Haute-Marne (Champagne-Ardenne).

The production of the Haut-de-Conge wind farm is more than 50 million kWh on a yearly basis, thus meeting the yearly energy requirements of nearly 15,000 households. The energy that is produced by the farm will prevent the emission of 40,000 tons of carbon dioxide. The greenhouse gas has been identified as one of the principal reasons of climate change.

In accordance to the President of Enel Green Power, Francesco Starace, thanks to the extra 24 MW of wind capacity, they are being able to confirm their objective to strengthen their presence in the country. They are aiming to develop their presence more in this expanding market by leveraging on their competences in all the major renewable technologies, especially in hydro and solar.

Taking into consideration the Haut de Conge wind farm, France’s Enel Green Power total installed capacity in the country has reached 92 MW, with a yearly production of more than 200 million kWh. The other wind power plants that are actually under construction are for an overall of 64 MW.

Source: Enel

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Global energy consumption is currently approximately 12 TW (terawatts) per annum. In other words, this is tantamount to 12,000,000,000,000 watts. This almost limitless demand of energy is consumed as follows:

1. Built Environment 52% ( 12 percent materials and 40 percent operation)
2. Industry 24 %
3. Transport 15 %
4. Passenger cars 9 %

Energy Sources:

Renewable energy is the silver-bullet solution to supersede fossil fuel. The most prevalent clean energy sources are wind, solar, biomass, hydropower and geothermal energy. Currently, one could consider that an ostensible 30 percent of energy needs come from renewable energy. This is regrettably not the case. The actual energy sources are as follows:

1. Oil 35 percent
2. Coal 27 percent
3. Natural gas 20 percent
4. Hydropower 6 percent
5. Biomass 6 percent
6. Nuclear Energy 5 percent
7. Geothermal energy 1 percent
8. Wind and Solar roughly 1 percent

The most dominant source of global energy is fossil fuel (oil, coal and natural gas).

Energy of the future

Energy demands keep on increasing at an accumulating rate. Taking into account the current rate of the increase, it is expected that world energy demand will reach 30 TW within three decades. This would thus represent an increase of 150 percent; an increase from 12 TW to 30 TW. The response to handle the expansive growth in energy needs have to be sustainable, meaning no or less-green house gases. The forerunners for clean energy are ostensibly solar, bio-fuel and nuclear energy.

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power is a clean source of energy it does not produce CO2. Heat is generated from a regulated nuclear reactor that boils water into steam and thereby propels a turbine. In America, “three nuclear power stations” are expected to be built soon. On a worldwide agenda, there are also roughly eight nuclear power stations requesting licenses.

Let’s say that per year 45 new licenses are issued, and this trend steadily continues at 45 per year over three decades. It should also be assumed that these nuclear stations are constructed within ten years. This would provide an additional one terawatt within 30 years from nuclear power, which is still less than the required 18 terawatts.

Bio-Fuel energy

This innovative way of generating fuel from harvesting crops raises controversy to food supply, poverty and efficiency. There are some experts who argue that the cost of generating bio-fuel is more than what it gives back; considering fuel required to harvest, plant and so on. However, these arguments can be put aside if bio-fuel could be harnessed at 100 percent efficiency. Let’s put all this to perspective, even if all the land on the earth would be used to grow crops (e.g. corn ethanol) it would only be enough to generate an equivalent of 3 terawatts of bio-fuel energy.

Solar Cells

In the last years “photovoltaic technology” has evolved tremendously. There has been a twofold benefit: costs have fallen, and efficiency has enhanced. The law of increasing return is progressively promulgating as more power plants are harnessing energy from solar energy. A typical solar power plant can produce one gigawatt of energy per annum. This would mean that one thousand solar plants of the same size would be required to produce one terawatt. We could practically take 20,000 square miles of land and set up highly effective solar cells on earth’s sunniest areas. This would generate around 2 TW.

Read more on the DESERTEC Project: Part 1 and Part 2

Summing Up

Eventually, based on forecasted potential, we will only be able to reach a maximum upgrading capacity of 6 TW and not 30 TW. Additionally, wind, wave, solar thermal and henceforth, will only add a few terawatt more. It is being concluded that renewable energy alone might not be enough to match future energy requirements.

Saving Strategy: Conservation

The most promising solution to tackle climate change and global energy demand is conservation. Assuming that renewable energy will only be able to provide around 6 to 9 terawatts, roughly 21 terawatts will have to be met by another means. As abovementioned, building environment accounts for 52 percent of global carbon emissions. The only way to address built environment is to focus on the materials, including cements, metal processing, building operation (cooling and heating) and henceforth.

There are companies such as Serious materials and CalStar, which are re-engineering building processes to assure that energy consumption is reduced by up to a 75 percent or even more.

One can easily rectify the operation efficiency at home by assuring that thermostats are installed and that households are properly insulated. One way is to make sure that high R value windows are used. This could help to reduce heat loss by up to 50 percent. The field of smart building technology is constantly emerging, heating, and cooling system are amidst the main areas of rapid development.

Read more on passive solar energy: Link 1, Link 2 and Link 3

Final Outcome

Enhancing built environment can reduce energy consumption by roughly 75 percent. This would save a total of 12 terawatt of energy in 30 years. This means that the remaining six Terawatt could practically be accommodated with renewable energy. In other words, challenges such as energy expansion and CO2 emission would be tackled simultaneously as an extension in coal power plants would not be necessary to meet future energy demands.

Jimmy Eriksson is a content writer for Online PhD Programs, which has the latest information on obtaining an online PhD, research and higher studies. In his free time he enjoys researching on renewable energy, healthy living, management and leisure’s such as fishing and swimming.

Source: Go Green

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